The following are recent publications related to HIV-1 RT structure and function from the Hughes and Arnold laboratories:
1:   Morningstar ML, Roth T, Farnsworth D, Kroeger Smith M, Watson K, Buckheit RW Jr,
Das K, Zhang W, Arnold E, Hughes SH, Michejda CJ.
Synthesis, biological activity, and crystal structure of potent non-nucleoside
inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase that retain activity against mutant forms
of the enzyme.

J Med Chem. 2007, in press.
2:   Das K, Clark AD, Lewi P, Hughes SH, Arnold E.
Detection of non-nucleoside inhibitor binding to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by dynamic
light scattering.

Biophys J. 2007, in press.
3:   Jones FD, Hughes SH.Related Articles
In vitro analysis of the effects of mutations in the G-tract of the human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 polypurine tract on RNase H cleavage specificity.

Virology. 2006 360:341-9. Epub 2006 Nov 20.
PMID: 17123564 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4:   Mulky A, Vu BC, Conway JA, Hughes SH, Kappes JC.Related Articles
Analysis of amino acids in the beta7-beta8 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
reverse transcriptase for their role in virus replication.

J Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 2;365(5):1368-78. Epub 2006 Nov 10.
PMID: 17141805 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5:   Das K, Sarafianos SG, Clark AD Jr, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Arnold E.Related Articles
Crystal structures of clinically relevant Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutant HIV-1
reverse transcriptase in complexes with ATP and non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097.

J Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 5;365(1):77-89. Epub 2006 Sep 15.
PMID: 17056061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6:   Himmel DM, Sarafianos SG, Dharmasena S, Hossain MM, McCoy-Simandle K, Ilina T, Clark AD Jr, Knight JL, Julias JG, Clark PK, Krogh-Jespersen K, Levy RM, Hughes SH, Parniak MA, Arnold E.Related Articles
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase structure with RNase H inhibitor dihydroxy benzoyl
naphthyl hydrazone bound at a novel site.

ACS Chem Biol. 2006 Dec 20;1(11):702-12.
PMID: 17184135 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7:   Marquez VE, Hughes SH, Sei S, Agbaria R.Related Articles
The history of N-methanocarbathymidine: the investigation of a conformational concept
leads to the discovery of a potent and selective nucleoside antiviral agent.

Antiviral Res. 2006 Sep;71(2-3):268-75. Epub 2006 May 6. Review.
PMID: 16730077 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8:   Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Clark PK, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Why do HIV-1 and HIV-2 use different pathways to develop AZT resistance?
PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb;2(2):e10. Epub 2006 Feb 17.
PMID: 16485036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9:   McWilliams MJ, Julias JG, Sarafianos SG, Alvord WG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Combining mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with mutations in the HIV-1
polypurine tract affects RNase H cleavages involved in PPT utilization.

Virology. 2006 May 10;348(2):378-88. Epub 2006 Feb 10.
PMID: 16473384 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10:   Himmel DM, Das K, Clark AD Jr, Hughes SH, Benjahad A, Oumouch S, Guillemont J, Coupa S, Poncelet A, Csoka I, Meyer C, Andries K, Nguyen CH, Grierson DS, Arnold E.Related Articles
Crystal structures for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complexes with three pyridinone
derivatives: a new class of non-nucleoside inhibitors effective against a broad range of
drug-resistant strains.

J Med Chem. 2005 Dec 1;48(24):7582-91.
PMID: 16302798 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11:   Janssen PA, Lewi PJ, Arnold E, Daeyaert F, de Jonge M, Heeres J, Koymans L, Vinkers M, Guillemont J, Pasquier E, Kukla M, Ludovici D, Andries K, de Bethune MP, Pauwels R, Das K, Clark AD Jr, Frenkel YV, Hughes SH, Medaer B, De Knaep F, Bohets H, De Clerck F, Lampo A, Williams P, Stoffels P.Related Articles
In search of a novel anti-HIV drug: multidisciplinary coordination in the discovery of
4-[[4-[[4-[(1E)-2-cyanoethenyl]-2,6-dimethylphenyl]amino]-2- pyrimidinyl]amino]
benzonitrile (R278474, rilpivirine).

J Med Chem. 2005 Mar 24;48(6):1901-9. Review.
PMID: 15771434 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12:   Das K, Lewi PJ, Hughes SH, Arnold E.Related Articles
Crystallography and the design of anti-AIDS drugs: conformational flexibility and
positional adaptability are important in the design of non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase inhibitors.

Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2005 Jun;88(2):209-31. Review.
PMID: 15572156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
13:   Boyer PL, Julias JG, Marquez VE, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Fixed conformation nucleoside analogs effectively inhibit excision-proficient HIV-1
reverse transcriptases.

J Mol Biol. 2005 Jan 21;345(3):441-50.
PMID: 15581889 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14:   Sarafianos SG, Das K, Hughes SH, Arnold E.Related Articles
Taking aim at a moving target: designing drugs to inhibit drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse
transcriptases.

Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2004 Dec;14(6):716-30. Review.
PMID: 15582396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15:   Ambrose Z, Boltz V, Palmer S, Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Kewalramani VN.Related Articles
In vitro characterization of a simian immunodeficiency virus-human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) chimera expressing HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase to study antiviral
resistance in pigtail macaques.

J Virol. 2004 Dec;78(24):13553-61.
PMID: 15564466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
16:   Julias JG, McWilliams MJ, Sarafianos SG, Alvord WG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Effects of mutations in the G tract of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1
polypurine tract on virus replication and RNase H cleavage.

J Virol. 2004 Dec;78(23):13315-24.
PMID: 15542682 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17:   Boyer PL, Imamichi T, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Effects of the Delta67 complex of mutations in human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 reverse transcriptase on nucleoside analog excision.

J Virol. 2004 Sep;78(18):9987-97.
PMID: 15331732 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18:   Sarafianos SG, Hughes SH, Arnold E.Related Articles
Designing anti-AIDS drugs targeting the major mechanism of HIV-1 RT
resistance to nucleoside analog drugs.

Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;36(9):1706-15.
PMID: 15183339 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19:   Boyer PL, Stenbak CR, Clark PK, Linial ML, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Characterization of the polymerase and RNase H activities of human foamy
virus reverse transcriptase.

J Virol. 2004 Jun;78(12):6112-21.
PMID: 15163704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20:   Tuske S, Sarafianos SG, Clark AD Jr, Ding J, Naeger LK, White KL,
Miller MD, Gibbs CS, Boyer PL, Clark P, Wang G, Gaffney BL,
Jones RA, Jerina DM, Hughes SH, Arnold E.
Related Articles
Structures of HIV-1 RT-DNA complexes before and after incorporation of
the anti-AIDS drug tenofovir.

Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 May;11(5):469-74. Epub 2004 Apr 25.
PMID: 15107837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21:   Das K, Clark AD Jr, Lewi PJ, Heeres J, De Jonge MR, Koymans LM,
Vinkers HM, Daeyaert F, Ludovici DW, Kukla MJ, De Corte B, Kavash RW,
Ho CY, Ye H, Lichtenstein MA, Andries K, Pauwels R, De Bethune MP,
Boyer PL, Clark P, Hughes SH, Janssen PA, Arnold E.
Related Articles
Roles of conformational and positional adaptability in structure-based design
of TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) and related non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors that are highly potent and effective against wild-type and drug-
resistant HIV-1 variants.

J Med Chem. 2004 May 6;47(10):2550-60.
PMID: 15115397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22:   Julias JG, Boyer PL, McWilliams MJ, Alvord WG, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Mutations at position 184 of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse
transcriptase affect virus titer and viral DNA synthesis.

Virology. 2004 Apr 25;322(1):13-21.
PMID: 15063112 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23:   Peletskaya EN, Kogon AA, Tuske S, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Nonnucleoside inhibitor binding affects the interactions of the fingers
subdomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase
with DNA.

J Virol. 2004 Apr;78(7):3387-97.
PMID: 15016861 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
24:   Sismour AM, Lutz S, Park JH, Lutz MJ, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Benner SA.Related Articles
PCR amplification of DNA containing non-standard base pairs by variants of
reverse transcriptase from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1.

Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Feb 02;32(2):728-35. Print 2004.
PMID: 14757837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
25:   McWilliams MJ, Julias JG, Sarafianos SG, Alvord WG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Mutations in the 5' end of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1
polypurine tract affect RNase H cleavage specificity and virus titer.

J Virol. 2003 Oct;77(20):11150-7.
PMID: 14512562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
26:   Lewis PJ, de Jonge M, Daeyaert F, Koymans L, Vinkers M, Heeres J,
Janssen PA, Arnold E, Das K, Clark AD Jr, Hughes SH, Boyer PL,
de Bethune MP, Pauwels R, Andries K, Kukla M, Ludovici D, De Corte B,
Kavash R, Ho C.
Related Articles
On the detection of multiple-binding modes of ligands to proteins, from
biological, structural, and modeling data.

J Comput Aided Mol Des. 2003 Feb-Apr;17(2-4):129-34.
PMID: 13677481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27:   Julias JG, McWilliams MJ, Sarafianos SG, Alvord WG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Mutation of amino acids in the connection domain of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 reverse transcriptase that contact the template-primer affects
RNase H activity.

J Virol. 2003 Aug;77(15):8548-54.
PMID: 12857924 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28:   Choi Y, George C, Comin MJ, Barchi JJ Jr, Kim HS, Jacobson KA,
Balzarini J, Mitsuya H, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Marquez VE.
Related Articles
A conformationally locked analogue of the anti-HIV agent stavudine. An important
correlation between pseudorotation and maximum amplitude.

J Med Chem. 2003 Jul 17;46(15):3292-9.
PMID: 12852759 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29:   Kroeger Smith MB, Hose BM, Hawkins A, Lipchock J, Farnsworth DW,
Rizzo RC, Tirado-Rives J, Arnold E, Zhang W, Hughes SH, Jorgensen WL,
Michejda CJ, Smith RH Jr.
Related Articles
Molecular modeling calculations of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase nonnucleoside
inhibitors: correlation of binding energy with biological activity for novel 2-aryl-
substituted benzimidazole analogues.

J Med Chem. 2003 May 8;46(10):1940-7.
PMID: 12723956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
30:   Sarafianos SG, Clark AD Jr, Tuske S, Squire CJ, Das K, Sheng D, Ilankumaran P, Ramesha AR, Kroth H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Arnold E.Related Articles
Trapping HIV-1 reverse transcriptase before and after translocation on DNA.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 28 [epub ahead of print]
PMID: 12554739 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
31:   Skillman AG, Maurer KW, Roe DC, Stauber MJ, Eargle D, Ewing TJ, Muscate A, Davioud-Charvet E, Medaglia MV, Fisher RJ, Arnold E, Gao HQ, Buckheit R,
Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Kuntz ID, Kenyon GL.
Related Articles
A novel mechanism for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Bioorg Chem. 2002 Dec;30(6):443-58.
PMID: 12642128 [PubMed - in process]
32:   Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Nucleoside analog resistance caused by insertions in the fingers of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase involves ATP-mediated excision.

J Virol. 2002 Sep;76(18):9143-51.
PMID: 12186898 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
33:   Sarafianos SG, Clark AD Jr, Das K, Tuske S, Birktoft JJ, Ilankumaran P,
Ramesha AR, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Arnold E.
Related Articles
Structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with pre- and post-translocation AZTMP-
terminated DNA.

EMBO J. 2002 Dec 2;21(23):6614-24.
PMID: 12456667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
34:   Julias JG, McWilliams MJ, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Mutations in the RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase affect the initiation
of DNA synthesis and the specificity of RNase H cleavage in vivo.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 9;99(14):9515-20.
PMID: 12093908 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
35:   Rinke CS, Boyer PL, Sullivan MD, Hughes SH, Linial ML.Related Articles
Mutation of the catalytic domain of the foamy virus reverse transcriptase leads to
loss of processivity and infectivity.

J Virol. 2002 Aug;76(15):7560-70.
PMID: 12097569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
36:   Golinelli MP, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Nontemplated nucleotide addition by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Biochemistry. 2002 May 7;41(18):5894-906.
PMID: 11980493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
37:   Rausch JW, Lener D, Miller JT, Julias JG, Hughes SH, Le Grice SF.Related Articles
Altering the RNase H primer grip of human immunodeficiency virus reverse
transcriptase modifies cleavage specificity.

Biochemistry. 2002 Apr 16;41(15):4856-65.
PMID: 11939780 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
38:   Golinelli MP, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Nontemplated base addition by HIV-1 RT can induce nonspecific strand transfer
in vitro.

Virology. 2002 Mar 1;294(1):122-34.
PMID: 11886271 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
39:   Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
The M184V mutation reduces the selective excision of zidovudine 5'-monophosphate
(AZTMP) by the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(7):3248-56.
PMID: 11884549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
40:   Gao HQ, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
RNase H cleavage of the 5' end of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome.
J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(23):11874-80.
PMID: 11689669 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
41:   Sevilya Z, Loya S, Hughes SH, Hizi A.Related Articles
The ribonuclease H activity of the reverse transcriptases of human immunodeficiency
viruses type 1 and type 2 is affected by the thumb subdomain of the small protein
subunits.

J Mol Biol. 2001 Aug 31;311(5):957-71.
PMID: 11531332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
42:   Peletskaya EN, Boyer PL, Kogon AA, Clark P, Kroth H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM,
Hughes SH.
Related Articles
Cross-linking of the fingers subdomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
reverse transcriptase to template-primer.

J Virol. 2001 Oct;75(19):9435-45.
PMID: 11533206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
43:   Hughes SH.Related Articles
Molecular matchmaking: NNRTIs can enhance the dimerization of HIV type 1
reverse transcriptase.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):6991-2. No abstract available.
PMID: 11416176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
44:   Julias JG, Ferris AL, Boyer PL, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Replication of phenotypically mixed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions
containing catalytically active and catalytically inactive reverse transcriptase.

J Virol. 2001 Jul;75(14):6537-46.
PMID: 11413321 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
45:   Boyer PL, Gao HQ, Clark PK, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
YADD mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Moloney murine
leukemia virus reverse transcriptase are resistant to lamivudine triphosphate
(3TCTP) in vitro.

J Virol. 2001 Jul;75(14):6321-8.
PMID: 11413298 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
46:   Hsiou Y, Ding J, Das K, Clark AD Jr, Boyer PL, Lewi P, Janssen PA, Kleim JP,
Rosner M, Hughes SH, Arnold E.
Related Articles
The Lys103Asn mutation of HIV-1 RT: a novel mechanism of drug resistance.
J Mol Biol. 2001 Jun 1;309(2):437-45.
PMID: 11371163 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
47:   Golinelli MP, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Self-priming of retroviral minus-strand strong-stop DNAs.
Virology. 2001 Jul 5;285(2):278-90.
PMID: 11437662 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
48:   Barsov EV, Payne WS, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Adaptation of chimeric retroviruses in vitro and in vivo: isolation of avian
retroviral vectors with extended host range.

J Virol. 2001 Jun;75(11):4973-83.
PMID: 11333876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
49:   Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Selective excision of AZTMP by drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus
reverse transcriptase.

J Virol. 2001 May;75(10):4832-42.
PMID: 11312355 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
50:   Boyer PL, Gao HQ, Frank P, Clark PK, Hughes SH.Related Articles
The basic loop of the RNase H domain of MLV RT is important both for RNase H
and for polymerase activity.

Virology. 2001 Mar 30;282(1):206-13.
PMID: 11259203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
51:   Sarafianos SG, Das K, Tantillo C, Clark AD Jr, Ding J, Whitcomb JM, Boyer PL,
Hughes SH, Arnold E.
Related Articles
Crystal structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complex with a polypurine
tract RNA:DNA.

EMBO J. 2001 Mar 15;20(6):1449-61.
PMID: 11250910 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
52:   Driscoll MD, Golinelli MP, Hughes SH.Related Articles
In vitro analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 minus-strand strong-stop
DNA synthesis and genomic RNA processing.

J Virol. 2001 Jan;75(2):672-86.
PMID: 11134281 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
53:   Driscoll MD, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein can prevent
self-priming of minus-strand strong stop DNA by promoting the annealing of
short oligonucleotides to hairpin sequences.

J Virol. 2000 Oct;74(19):8785-92.
PMID: 10982320 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
54:   Boyer PL, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Effects of amino acid substitutions at position 115 on the fidelity of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.

J Virol. 2000 Jul;74(14):6494-500.
PMID: 10864662 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
55:   Gao HQ, Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
The role of steric hindrance in 3TC resistance of human immunodeficiency virus
type-1 reverse transcriptase.

J Mol Biol. 2000 Jul 7;300(2):403-18.
PMID: 10873473 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
56:   Boyer PL, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH.Related Articles
Analysis of mutations at positions 115 and 116 in the dNTP binding site of HIV-1
reverse transcriptase.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Mar 28;97(7):3056-61.
PMID: 10737786 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



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